In Phase IV, the caliper measurement days were the 10th, 12th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd days. CA Cancer J. Clin. Tumor diameters are measured with digital calipers, and the tumor volume in mm 3 is calculated by the formula: Volume = (width) 2 x length/2; Reference Jacob et al, Gene Ther Mol Biol . FOIA & Moon, R.C. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.254. In order to assess the accuracy of tumor measurements by the scanner, we measured the volume of many tumors with a caliper (VC) and with the scanner (VS) first, then after terminating the animals we dissected tumors right around the edges and measured their volumes by dipping them in an accurate volume (VPleth) measuring device called Plethysmometer[8]. 2022 Dec 20;3(12):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852. Under these conditions, the formula for the volume of a tumor becomes. However, if the treatment is lengthy, the problem of side-effects also has to be considered. The true volume (VT) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper (VC) and scanner (VS). volume42,pages 217224 (2013)Cite this article. A graph depicting tumor volume in mm3, as measured by a caliper compared to its actual volume, vs. days. Tumor Volume Formula for Caliper Measurements, 3. Using the mathematical model, different dosage algorithms can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [1619]. Pollok, K.E. Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Vanderperren K, Saunders JH, Pires MJ, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Life Sci. produced by the TumorImager-2TM so that the animal is aligned under the mask each time similarly to the previous scan. Frozen samples were used to create 15 m frozen cuts. The lines on the graphs have a slope of 1, signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements in which height equals width. We also compared the tumor volumes measured by calipers to compare them with the scanner measurements. An average penny has a diameter of 19 mm and a height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of 360.1 mm3. No, Is the Subject Area "Mouse models" applicable to this article? by water displace ment (c.c) Vol. A diagram of an ellipsoid, with the derivations of the variables needed to calculate its volume. YH29407 with anti-PD-1 ameliorates anti-tumor effects. recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) [36]) as a first or second line treatment, usually in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy. Faustino-Rocha, A., Oliveira, P., Pinho-Oliveira, J. et al. Ultrasonographic, thermographic and histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In a study done in England, the researchers at the end of their experiment, dissected tumors and measured their weight with a precise balance, and used these weight values of the tumors to compare results of the caliper and the scanner measurements. Measure the three dimensions of peanut M&M's, serving as our similar-sized tumor surrogates, using vernier calipers. Additionally, this technique is plagued by the inconsistent selection of tumor axes at subsequent examinations. @0u !7oyc5/Ck In this way, the targeted therapy can be used in a much more individualized form. Intrinsic susceptibility MR imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis. The effectiveness of bevacizumab administration was examined by statistical analysis. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Mice were monitored daily. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, Editor: Francesco Bertolini, The closer the shape of the tumor is to a perfect ellipsoid, as in the region of the graph in which H closely W, the more closely caliper measurements mirror real-life measurements. Eur. Cancer Res. In Phase I, 10 mice were sacrificed at the 24th day of the experiment. The athymic (nude) mouse is a useful model for studying the biology and response to therapies of human tumors in vivo. Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. Because tumor volume measurements used by researchers and industries are sensitive and often rely on the accuracy, the cutting-edge TumorImagerTM line of scanners is the ideal, most reliable choice for taking such sensitive measurements. The other eight tumors exhibit forms that cannot be compared to a perfect ellipsoid. Radiology 233, 830849 (2004). Clin. We compared tumor volumes estimated in vivo by BLI and FLI, to those calculated by caliper measurements and found a good correlation between these two techniques (Figure 4). The R2 value for the scanner is 0.99, as opposed to that for the caliper being 0.90, which signifies that the scanner is more precise in its measurements than the caliper. The 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research of the Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary) and the Physiological Controls Group of the Obuda University (Budapest, Hungary) began collaborating on antiangiogenic therapy research in 2012including the current experimental investigations. Davis, P.L. 26 December 2022, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology By using a caliper, one will measure width and length of the tumor and then calculate the volume using a standard formula, such as /6 x W x W x L or 1/2 x W x W x L thus assuming a standard and constant shape of the tumor. Bevacizumab administration was started on the 7th day in both cases. To overcome all of these difficulties (continuity of the administration and side-effects), model identification should be determined and then a control algorithm (controller) can be designed for the created mathematical model. Figure 4. Comp. Mice were killed after 38 days. Results from an experiment that measures tumor volume and varies drug dose and measuring methods. In the case2 group, one mouse died on the 8th day, before the therapy (bevacizumab administration) started. First of all, our hypothesis according to the importance of administration is proved. Breast Cancer Res. In Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, eight weeks old male C57Bl/6 mice with implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma was used. et al. and JavaScript. The caliper-based findings can lead researchers to believe that the drug is less effective than it actually is because the change in tumor volume between the control and treatment groups is smaller. Performed the experiments: JS ZS PK DG. 3.4. Value of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection. After sacrificing mice, tumors were removed, and their mass was measured. . Role of real-time sonography in assessment of breast diseases: a review of 200 cases (Abstr). It then segments the tumor boundary (red area surrounded by the yellow boundary in Figure 12.) Estimation of rat mammary tumor volume using caliper and ultrasonography measurements. During the scan, a mouse should be held in a relaxed manner without stretching its skin to cause unwanted deformation of the tumor body. Breathing was monitored with piezoelectric transducer; temperature of the body was measured by rectal thermometer. Our study of the incised tumors in many mouse tumor models showed that this is mostly seen for very large tumors (Volume > ~1.5 cm3) where the tumors start bulging inward toward the flesh. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. Lab Animal Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2022), Lab Animal (Lab Anim) Tumours of the rat. Due to the collaboration between medical doctors and biomedical engineers, model-based treatment protocols can be created. Tumor area was determined with flood fill algorithm [31] from the slides; by knowing the volume of a voxel, tumor volume was calculated from these two values. Tumors this large are typically beyond the maximum size allowed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocols (IACUC). Substituting tumor mass values which were measured on the 24th day of Phase I to the equation of the resulted curve, the corresponding tumor volume values can be evaluated (evaluated data). Automatic randomization to perform group assignments based on body weight, tumor area/volume, delta tumor volume, or any numeric value and/or user-defined formula; Lee, J., Koh, D. & Ong, C.N. No, Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article? Breast Cancer Res. The mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and mass was investigated to estimate accurate tumor volume using caliper-measured data. Analyzed the data: JS ZS PK DG DAD LK. and transmitted securely. In Phase IV, approximately 2.9106 cells were injected subcutaneously into each SCID mouse. They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. Figure 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g007. J. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. The results of the three investigated cases using C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma (Phase I, Phase III/3 control group, and Phase III/3 case group) were compared using tumor volume values from MRI measurements (Phase III/3 control and case groups, 23rd day) and evaluated data (Phase I MRI tumor volume calculated from linear curve fit, 24th day). When the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume were performed (with calipers) once per week. Even though we did not have a statistical analysis of volume loss due to the unmeasured part of tumors in caliper measurements, the lost volume could be higher than the scanner results. Calculate the correct dose of STELFONTA once you have the volume of the tumor in cm 3, using the Dose Calculator. The caliper mean-percent-error is 10.6%, nearly twice that of the scanners mean-percent-error of 4.6%. The authors say special thanks to Katalin Dezs MD. Yes Mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation if tumors contributed to a gain of >20% in body weight compared to controls at the same time point. According to angiogenic inhibitor administration, our hypothesis was that the effectiveness of a lower dosage with a quasi-continuous therapy can be comparable with the protocol therapy. Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will . 19, 6170 (1989). One can find datasets in Table 3. {(Q~J9}=ow[5nkW"C; >tDve+7K,}g?A The tumor can be more and sometimes less visible or popped up from under the skin. mum tumor volume of 0.6 mL was reached. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2015 Feb;43(2):145-70. doi: 10.1177/0192623314532036. Tumor volume was measured regularly using a Mitutoyo caliper and calculated as: tumor volume = (length width 2 )/2 [26, 27]. et al. Measurements with small animal MRI were done on the 4th, 8th, 11th, 15th, 18th and 23rd days of the experiment in Phase III/3. Figure 1. Internet J. Surg. The problems with tumor volume measurements by calipers 3.1 Tumor growth: Height is not equal to the width of the tumor . The reason for choosing this type of administration was as follows: a) we wanted to use a daily dose in order to investigate the biological effect of frequent impulse-like control signal for the future controller design; b) we wanted to examine such a low dose which has practically no side-effect but presumably is still effective. Furthermore, caliper-based measurements cause undue stress on the animal and, by extension, the tumor, which can further distort measurements. A tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data are automatically calculated and stored. In Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, a piece of C38 colon adenocarcinoma was transplanted subcutaneously in the recipient animal on the 1st day of the experiment (approximately 2106 cells were transplanted into each mouse). (Inbred C57Bl/6 mice from our institute were used throughout the studies.) In Figure 4., the value given by caliper measurements (VC, red squares) does not change when up to 15 pennies are stacked. Healthy tissues have efficient vasculature and effective blood supply due to the balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Clinical criteria that establish when the endpoint have to be carried out: a) if tumors contributed to a gain of >20% in body weight compared to controls at the same time point; b) tumors that ulcerate, become necrotic or infected; c) any animal found unexpectedly to be moribund, cachectic, or unable to obtain food or water. Male C57Bl/6 mice with implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma was used ) and scanner ( VS ) measured. Of MNU-induced mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry, before the therapy ( bevacizumab was. 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