"[114], In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. . Confederate - a supporter of the Confederate States of Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies,[15][16] with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the other. South: Also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States of America, or (by Northerners) the Rebel states, the South incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. Please note that the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System contains just an index of the men who served in the Civil War with only rudimentary information from the service records (including name, rank and unit in which they served). Item Code: 2022-2311. The blunted nose of the shell was designed to increase its wind resistance . The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861-1865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the The city was soon filled with some 1,000 government members, 7,000 civil servants, and scores of rowdy Confederate soldiers itching for battle. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. [48] Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. Vol 2, C.A. However, according to Randolph H. McKim in his book The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, the numbers of enrollment into the Confederate army were: Virginia: 175,000Florida: 15,000Georgia: 120,000North Carolina: 129,000South Carolina: 75,000Mississippi: 70,000Alabama: 90,000Tennessee: 115,000. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. If the first search fails, continue trying again and again, but use several variant spellings of the name, nicknames, initials, middle names, or any alias. The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. station23.cebu Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy. For Confederate army soldiers, there are two major records in NARA that provide information on military service: (1) compiled military service record (CMSR) and (2) records reproduced in microfilm publication M861, Compiled Records Showing Service of Military Units in Confederate Organizations (74 rolls). Army) or lieutenant generals. "[53], Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and volunteer. The following are some facts about Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War: According to the Oxford Companion to American Military History, the best estimate of total Confederate soldiers range from 850,000 to 900,000. [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. U.S., Confederate Service Records, 1861-1865, U.S., Union Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. "[86], With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it. McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. Ed M. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70]. [81], In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs. Confederate private, illustration published in the Atlas to Accompany Official Records of Union and Confederate Armies, circa 1895. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. Information available about a soldier includes his name, unit, and rank. Most questions answered within 4 hours. The CSRs may also include original documents pertaining to the soldier. Confederate guerrillas were called These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. Compiled service records are files of cards that abstract original military records relating to an individual soldier. Kirkland did not stop until he had helped every wounded soldier (Confederate and Federal) on the Confederate end of the battlefield. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view.. III, pp. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. The truth of the story has been disputed. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War,[65] served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. Under the commands of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, soldiers of the Confederacy lived by the Motto "Deo Vindice" (God will vindicate us). They seized federal property, including nearly all U.S. Army forts, within their borders. Search the history of over 797 billion [71], Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:[72], Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. However, when Kirkland asked if he could show a white handkerchief, General Kershaw stated he could not do that. This easy-to-use database lists over 6 million Confederate and Union soldiers, and 18,000 African American sailors. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. Choose an expert and meet online. Making educational experiences better for everyone. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in terms of satisfying God's wishes. [54] A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the power wielded by the slave-holding class. The altered photograph at left is considered by many to be evidence of black Confederate soldiers. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. The first few states to join hands in the formation of the Confederacy were South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [119][120] However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed. Fold3 provides convenient access to military records, including the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback web pages The design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal. The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865 Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. Kirkland gathered all the canteens he could carry, filled them with water, then ventured out onto the battlefield. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. And Maryland's nickname "Old Line" refers to the steadfast Maryland troops from the era of the American Revolution. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. From the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Fact Monster has the info kids are seeking. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. Confederate soldiers were paid $11 per month, which was two dollars less than Union soldiers. Where should I start working out out of shape? "Leatherneck, Jarhead" A US Marine. By Sam Smith February 10, 2015 Updated February 23, 2022. At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. 2005 - 2023 Wyzant, Inc, a division of IXL Learning - All Rights Reserved, Capnomania (Fumimania), Etymology and History. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. There is too many free niggers now to suit me, let alone having four millions. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78]. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. 58692. This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons. What Were the Major Strategies of the Civil War? Find Confederate Soldiers stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Name that Criminal 55%. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. types of uniforms Confederate soldiers wore. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade. Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865. During the American Civil War and afterwards, Johnny Reb and his Union counterpart Billy Yank were used in speech and literature to symbolize the common soldiers who fought in the Civil War in the 1860s. Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers, which led to a lack of uniformity. Names of Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, and Company. color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain [43], One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy, stating that "we are fighting for our property",[44] contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers, who, he claimed, were fighting for the "flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo American". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. Historian James M. McPherson says: Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals. troops under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 1213, 1861 and forced its capitulation on April 14. On September 20, 1863, he and two other men took command of a charge near "Snodgrass Hill" during the Battle of Chickamauga. [24] The act was amended twice in 1862. This is a 15 volume print series that you can use in the Daniel Library. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 - September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg . "[94] African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses. Many soldiers went home temporarily ("Absent Without Official Leave") and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved. ), A total of 75% of Confederate soldiers served as infantrymen, 20% served as cavalrymen and 5% served as artillerymen (Lanser 10.). "[22], In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint,[91][92] such as at the First Battle of Bull Run. McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. Kirkland was born in Flat Rock, in Kershaw County, South Carolina. The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. [105], Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers, a small number suggested the idea. 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