tax. . Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. Internal self-government was granted to the Western and Eastern regions in 1957. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. The Nigerian Resistance. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. 3 The Amakholwa's upsurge as a black, conservative, and educated class in the Cape Colony helped establish political resistance to colonial rule. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. Political leaders resorted to the use of political parties and the media to mobilize millions of Nigerians against the continuation of British rule. As a latecomer in the struggle for colonies, Germany had to settle for four territories, called "protectorates," in . . The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842. This was used for Britain's main purpose of taking control of the region. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. After the 1930s, political activities focused primarily on ways to end British rule. The present attempt is to inquire into the educational policy of colonial Nigeria, the aim, the nature and process of educational development and how it affected women in Nigeria. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. Nigeria is a good example. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. Although colonial rule appeared secure in the first two decades of the 20th century, the British struggled to keep control of their Nigerian colony and continued to do so until Nigeria became independent in 1960. Early British Imperialism. On January 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard, the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single governor-general resident in Lagos. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. B. 1324 Words6 Pages. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. Nigeria Table of Contents. Inteno Fiberkonverter Blinkar, Herkules Flygplan Fakta, Kraftvrme Frdelar Och Nackdelar, Infllt Mtarskp Utomhus . In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. Nigeria's potential in the Post-Colonial Era. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. 22. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. Samori Ture 7. Du Bois. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. I would encourage the society to resist by declaring a war against the Europeans. [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. In addition to their economic grievances, they also called for the end of the reform of the native courts. Resistance movements began to rise in . Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. Published August 7, 2020. Background: Attitudes Towards Policing The period from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s marked the zenith of imperial rule in Africa. At its own request the Northern region was not given internal self-government until 1959, because northerners feared that their region might lose its claim to an equal share in the operation and opportunities of the federal government if it was not given time to catch up with the educationally advanced south. The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the Richards Constitution. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. In the twentieth century, Lagos became a center for resistance to colonial rule. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. Main aim. A national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement, emerged in 1934, and its members won elections to the Legislative Council. While each generated considerable political controversy, they moved the country toward greater internal autonomy, with an increasing role for the political parties. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. Acephalous . nigeria resistance to colonial rule. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. [79][80], Much of the colony's budget went to payments of its military, the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Selected petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light on how women navigated . Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. 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