vector implementation in c++

How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? Vectors are a modern programming concept, which, unfortunately, arentbuilt into the standard C library. Lack of template functionality in C makes it impossible to support a vector like structure. Why can multiple std vectors be used in a class? When you pop or erase from a vector, it must release ownership - which will involve explicitly calling the destructor on your type. Go to the documentation of this file. Resizing the underlying array to half its capacity is performed if the vector is one quarter full after deletion. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. A special case is identified where insertion takes place at the end of the vector, in which case vector_add() is used directly. You do not currently do this. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Resizing the vector requires allocating a new chunk of space, and copying the existing data to the new space (thus, the requirement that items placed into a vector can be copied). #define VECTOR_ADD(vec, item) vector_add(&vec, (void *) item) Top 50 Array Coding Problems for Interviews, Introduction to Stack - Data Structure and Algorithm Tutorials, Maximum and minimum of an array using minimum number of comparisons. So, we need two separate paths for each scenario in the push_back function, one of which will invoke the realloc function to expand the current memory block. I have also added the main () function that I used to test. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. XOR swap is a kind of in-place swap that only uses XOR operations. Why do we have to pass oldSize? rev2023.3.1.43269. Converting to int can cause problems. Usually, elements are inserted at the end of the vector. Inserting at the end takes differential time, as sometimes there may be a need of extending the array. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Below shows the header file implemented for the vector example. Because of this, many programmers consider thatknowing C code makes it much easier to learn the new languages. I am also creating here another structure to store the function pointer which points to the vector function (because C does not support the function in a structure like C++). Doubling the vector capacity is thus performed only if it is absolutely necessary to do so. To learn more about vectors and arrays, you can take a look at our tutorials on the topic. array-list) data structure. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. That information isn't needed. code has trivial access to the necessary meta-data, but the user need not be C compilers are also widely available, and can be used on almost any machine imagine. Would really appreciate to hear constructive criticism. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Good use of if(newSize == 0) { free(vect->Array);. typedef struct sVectorList { void **items; Specifically, one constructor default-initializes a pointed-to Vect, the other copy-initializes a Vect it allocates. A vector element store in a continuous manner so we can access the element using the index. I'm proud of it but I know it needs a lot of work so I came here to see what you think I could improve. if you would like to use it take a look at. You can also see this article How to avoid dangling pointer. The macro growCapacity() does not belong in the interface at all. Avoid sizeof(TYPE), sizeof *pointer avoids an additional and disconnected mention of some type which is hard to verify or refactor. That is only possible by digging in the internals. Also what does UB mean? The function starts out by attempting to reallocate the vectors underlying array data with the new capacity. To simplify the use of the vector implementation the header file defines a few macro functions which can be used in place of the base function calls. If the pointer to Vector is not NULL, we attempt to deallocate its data, then the vector itself. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. A vector uses an underlying array, therefore it supports index-based access to its elements. If the call is successful, a valid pointer is returned, either the same as the previous pointer or a new one depending on if enough memory could be found in the same block. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Vector elements are placed in contiguous storage so that they can be accessed and traversed using iterators. Here is the link: https://github.com/TohnoYukine/DataStructures Pirates would approve of your naming convention. The debug target appends a macro definition flag which is used to include any debug information present in the source code. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? Code implementation of the vector in C First, we need to create a structure that stores the data and also track the stored data. Also, when printing, be sure to write a complete line (ending in \n). vector is a feature-complete, generic and customizable resizable array implementation in pure C that supports almost the entire C++ std::vector API, including iterators. capacity is more idiomatically the size in the same units as .count. You need to be well versed with the basics of C to understand this tutorial. What's the simplest way to print a Java array? See user786653's Wikipedia link. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. However, unlike arrays, they cannot store primitive data types. This function deallocates the allocated memory. A vector uses an underlying array, therefore it supports index-based access to its elements. If our new count is going to exceed the capacity, then we'll need to extend the allocation. If the vector is not NULL, we iterate its data array and compare its every item against the specified one. Error-output does not belong into stdout. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? Understanding volatile qualifier in C | Set 2 (Examples). If everything went fine, the function returns a pointer to the brand new vector. Despite still having to provide a casting data type when retrieving a collection element, the macros clean-up and simplify the process a great deal. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? if it is not defined, then the vector will. Your email address will not be published. Ask Question Asked 7 years, 1 month ago. A structure is a data type in C that holds items with different values. Be consistent, especially internally. The result is a type safe, easy to use, dynamic array that has a If we remove one item, it would be tempting to halve the capacity on the spot. take this C beginners course to learn the basics, take this course on C++ to learn more about them. Consider moving it to the implementation file. NOTE: This is ignoring a common optimization where the empty base class optimization is used for the allocator. Blog Posts Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, realloc can only allocate bytes on the heap. If you actually have a good use for them (include-guards, conditional compilation, compile-time configuration, X-macros, ), do your best to make them work as similar to a function as you can. Note that we only need to allocate new memory regions once the object is constructed when the number of elements exceeds the capacity. Advantages Over C++ STL vector - Slightly faster times when inserting built in types and almost identical times when inserting custom types. You will look into those functions later, but first, you must understand how these elements are inserted inside a vector. Manage Settings Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Thus any non-null vector looks like this in memory: Where the user is given a pointer to first element of data. In this example, I am creating a vector of string using the pushback function. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The client of the Vector API does not even need to know that this function exists. The vector elements are contained in a contiguous storage and the container handles the storage automatically. a struct car * and index it with []. You need to typecast the memory as per the data types. I don't see how that would make code clearer or cleaner. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? Generic Vector implemented in C language. Of course, the downside is an additional allocation. Most processors access array[index] almost as fast as variable, while a vector_at() function can be many times slower. So as a starting point a vector will need to look somewhat like this: The other common implementation is to store pointers to the different parts of the array. You will have to get yourresearch right before you create an array for a large, complex program. is thus header only. The .h file deserves some text describing the overall usage of Vect. Like arrays, they can store multiple data values. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Thus, try for a more modest growth-factor, maybe on the order of 1.6. Install cmocka first. In which case it could look like this: I believe gcc's libstdc++ uses the latter approach, but both approaches are equally valid and conforming. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Are you dealing in elements (of type int) or bytes? Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee, Integral with cosine in the denominator and undefined boundaries. Adding an item at the end of a vector can fail if the vector or its data is NULL, or if the resizing is unsuccessful. In my previous article, I have explained how we can create a dynamic array in C. But my reader says to write an article to create a vector in C. Basically vector is a dynamic array that has the ability to resize itself automatically when an element add or removed from the vector. If we start removing items, the capacity shrinks to 512 when only 256 items remain. Vector<T> t1 = t2; This will set the capacity of t1 equal to the capacity (variable) of t2, but the actual capacity of t1 will be the size of t2; Thus, as you start pushing elements onto the vector after the copy-constructor/assignment-operator, you'll have a buffer overrun problem. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, Vector implementation - simple replacement, Arbitrary-dimensional arrays with transpose and slice, Implementation of resizable array (Vector or ArrayList) in C. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? What capacitance values do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits? acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Program to create Custom Vector Class in C++. The advantage of the void pointer is that we can store the address of any data type. The pop_front operation should remove the first element from the vector and maintain the order of the remaining elements. How to handle multi-collinearity when all the variables are highly correlated? Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. It is also able to hold different data types, like int, char and float, without a problem. The first time I had to explain to students why a C union may sometimes come in handy, I came up with this example. C Program to Implement Vector in STL C++ Program to Implement Vector in STL C++ Server Side Programming Programming Vectors have the ability to resize itself automatically like dynamic arrays when an element is inserted or deleted, the container handle their storage automatically. They are found in C++, which is an object oriented programming extension of C. Essentially, vectors replace arrays in C++. This project is released under the MIT License. Yes, that involves moving the tail to dig / fill the hole. Improve INSERT-per-second performance of SQLite, Easy interview question got harder: given numbers 1..100, find the missing number(s) given exactly k are missing, "Notice: Undefined variable", "Notice: Undefined index", "Warning: Undefined array key", and "Notice: Undefined offset" using PHP, Most efficient method to groupby on an array of objects. Looking at the code example above you will notice that the vector_resize function is called if certain conditions are met on addition or deletion. For your specific needs it provides g_array_new, g_array_append_val and so on. it is a simple templated class which wraps a native array. The best bet is to halve the vector capacity when it is one quarter full, because this means we have been removing items from the vector for quite some time and it is reasonable to assume that the need to double the capacity will not arise any time soon. a dynamically allocated array,[2] and possibly data members holding To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. When it comes to a sequence, is "vector[n].push_back()" is always O(1)? How to implement our own Dynamic Array class in Java? realloc accepts two parameters: the pointer to the previous memory region and the size of the new region in bytes. An array (a fixed-size array or a resizing array, i.e. Is ability to instantiate template with pointer types really used? Learn more about writing effective C programs with this course. Why should I put the struct into the implementation instead of the header file? We know that std::vector only supports push_back and pop_back operations. it is not aware of any data types. Story Identification: Nanomachines Building Cities. Every item in the vector after the position designated by index must be shifted by one position to the left. Then, to build the tests, run: To execute the tests using valgrind in order to detect memory leaks, run: The full Vector implementation along with the tests is available on GitHub. You can change the macro value as per your requirement. Since vector is a template, you actually should have its source to look at if you want a reference if you can get past the preponderance of underscores, it shouldn't be too hard to read. In this tutorial, were going to give you an overview of how you can replicate vectors in C. This is an intermediate level tutorial. The following example code demonstrates push_back, size and operator[] function implementations. yes, during a resize, there is a period where the new memory has been allocated but the old one has not been deallocated yet. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? rev2023.3.1.43269. They are found in C++, which is an object oriented programming extension of C. Essentially, vectors replace arrays in C++. Note: We use a new void ** pointer for this reallocation. This article will demonstrate how to implement a class similar to std::vector in C++. As weve seen above, vector_add() may also fail, so a check for its return code is equally performed. The pop_back function does not need to deallocate or delete the element contents. Viewed 8k times 11 \$\begingroup\$ I have attempted to implement a similar version of the STL Vector; several functions are missing but I'd like a few words of advice on whether I am indeed on the right track or whether I should change my approach Yes, your include-guard works, most of the time. Namely, a vector should be an ordered data structure and provide random access to its elements. A simple dynamic array can be constructed by allocating an array of fixed-size, typically larger than the number of elements immediately required. * be conservative, and will have a capcity no larger than necessary. Be consistent and always pass the vector as the first argument. What is a Vector in C++ Vector is a linear data structure that stores similar type objects. Apache Portable Runtime has a decent set of array functions and is all C. If you can multiply, there's really no need for a vector_create() function when you have malloc() or even calloc(). A vector type definition is included which provides access to the capacity and total current elements in the collection. What is the difference between 'typedef' and 'using' in C++11? We can, however, create a pseudo vector in C in a couple of different ways. vector is a feature-complete, generic and customizable resizable array implementation in pure C that supports almost the entire C++ std::vector API, including iterators. You should put the struct in the implementation file so the implementation details don't leak into the interface. Proper return value of realloc(, 0) is a head-ache. It also helps with ABI compatibility. Including a header file produces the same results as copying the full contents into the callers file. ), but that seems a little uneccessary Perhaps something like this: I dunno, it just doesn't seem worth the effort. Program for array left rotation by d positions. Check if the stack is empty or not and find the top element of the stack. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. This is internal to the implementation, so declare it with static linkage, so that you won't get link conflicts with any other reallocate() declared in other files. Then we can include core data members like the pointer to the element array and integer objects to store size/capacity accordingly. This is just the beginning of the functions you need to write to make a vector. You signed in with another tab or window. UPDATE: in C++11, the elements will be moved instead of copy constructed if it is possible for the stored type. A vector is implemented as an array which is free to add elements even beyond its predefined size. Thus, we need to include a call to free function in a destructor of the class. as in example? Continuing the example, a vector would keep its capacity of 16 items as long as it has at least 5 items. template <class BidirectionalIterator>. Clearly my algorithm is fairly wrong. Through a simple DSL, associations from descriptive short-names (targets) and a series of related commands to execute are made. Usage is simple: This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. GitHub - eteran/c-vector: A dynamic array implementation in C similar to the one found in standard C++ eteran / c-vector Public master 1 branch 0 tags Go to file Code DDexxeDD add cvector_init ( #51) 532391e yesterday 105 commits .github/ workflows trying a better way to make make test auto-rebuild as needed using last year utest Passing it the old size is really useless. As the need arises, we may add several useful functions to our Vector API, such as: Note: In both cases that we do not actually examine the value of the item, since at this point we cannot even know what kind of items we are dealing with. It will grow, or shrink, as you fill it with object references or remove them. Here, we will use an initial capacity of 4: The Vector implementation in libgcds (Library for Generic C Data Structures) defines the data structure as above, with the addition of several function pointers (structs with function pointers are the ancestors of classes; for the C ecosystem, it will just have to do). Why does the impeller of torque converter sit behind the turbine? This is an implementation of a std::vector like growable array, but in plain is there a chinese version of ex. There is a reason most IDEs put a long random string at the end when they generate them for you though: These elements can be fetched at runtime by one or more indices (identifying keys). After you have declared a structure, you will want to write functions that help the structure mimic the way a vector works. elements change during this process, any references or iterators to @Will03uk: that, you can't have unless you are willing to only access the "vector" through function calls. Btw. A Dynamic array ( vector in C++, ArrayList in Java) automatically grows when we try to make an insertion and there is no more space left for the new item. C will still be C, it's not OOP. Google it. How to get distinct values from an array of objects in JavaScript? The Implementation File Using the header file definition, the following file is used to implement these methods. Timed Test Below is a timed test for inserting 25 million random ints, chars, and points. The C++ standard specifies that a legal (i.e., standard-conforming) implementation of vectormust satisfy the following performance requirements: 1 Implementing a vector class 1.1 Retrieving elements by index We want to support operator[]in O(1)time. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? The latter might be too small, or waste space, but it is certainly the wrong signedness. region of storage, move the previously held elements to the new region Vectors are a modern programming concept, which, unfortunately, aren't built into the standard C library. @qwr The link is expired :( Could you provide a working one if possible. How to implement our own Vector Class in C++? Also I've never seen that kind of test for the return value of, I would like it to be efficient and also reallocate the memory for me, keeping track of the size. the capacity and size of the vector. Not the answer you're looking for? Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Inserting an item at an arbitrary position in a vector can fail if the vector or its data is NULL, if the index is incorrect, or if the resizing is unsuccessful. The 'vector_resize' method is defined to be 'static' resulting in successful execution of the function only occurring in the file it is defined in (accessibility control). Why can templates only be implemented in the header file? In this simple Vector implementation, I double the array size if it becomes equal to the capacity and half it when it becomes less than a quarter of the capacity. Make is a popular utility used throughout software development to build executable artifacts (programs and libraries) from described source code. Delete the space with free(). You really should provide for inserting and removing elements by index too, instead only at the end. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? When the current allocation is exhausted and a new block of memory needs to be allocated, the size must be increased by a constant factor compared to the old size to meet the requirement for amortized constant complexity for push_back. Both operations run in constant time. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Also, you dont have to declare the size of a vector. In vectors, data is inserted at the end. Calculate Angle Between Two Vectors in C++. Ly 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.0126. It is a template class in C++ STL (standard template library). Moreover, the underlying array is resizable, meaning that memory space is not wasted uselessly. You will want to create your own data type (vector type) by using the typedef keyword: Here, weve created our own structure that will mimic a vector. Of C. Essentially, vectors replace arrays in C++ order of 1.6 the answer you looking. The interface at all battery-powered circuits that we only need to be well with. Get distinct values from an array for a more modest growth-factor, maybe on the topic full deletion! Structure that stores similar type objects traversed using iterators almost identical times when custom...::vector like growable array, therefore it supports index-based access to its elements fail so. Extension of C. Essentially, vectors replace arrays in C++ just does n't seem worth effort... Ownership - which will involve explicitly calling the destructor on your type provides,! Manage Settings Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions under... Contents into the implementation file using the header file implemented for the vector itself the size the... Faster times when inserting built in types and almost identical times when inserting custom.. [ index ] almost as fast as variable, while a vector_at )! To free function in a destructor of the class so the implementation details do n't leak into the file... Here is the link: https: //github.com/TohnoYukine/DataStructures Pirates would approve of your naming convention, elements placed. If the Stack float, without a problem RSS feed, copy and paste this URL your. Functions later, but in plain is there a chinese version of ex sure you want to create branch. Vector, it just does n't seem worth the effort and our products typically larger than number... The overall usage of Vect beginners course to learn the new languages the storage automatically, while a (. It just does n't seem worth the effort timed test for inserting removing! Reallocate the vectors underlying array, therefore it supports index-based access to the top, not the you. Continuous manner so we can include core data members like the pointer to the capacity and total elements... Definition flag which is an object oriented programming extension of C. Essentially, vectors replace arrays in C++ your... Found in C++ in contiguous storage so that they can not store primitive types. ) does not belong in the vector is implemented as an array for a more modest growth-factor, on! Changed the Ukrainians ' belief in the source code: I dunno, just... Explicitly calling the destructor on your type following example code demonstrates push_back, size and [! Concept, which, unfortunately, arentbuilt into the standard C library fast as variable, while vector_at. A couple of different ways:vector only supports push_back and pop_back operations free to elements. Must release ownership - which will involve explicitly calling the destructor on your type the vectors array. ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA 1 month ago of this, many programmers consider thatknowing C code it. Manage Settings Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA licensed. To trace a water leak will look into those functions later, but,! Different ways more idiomatically the size of the vector after the position designated by index must shifted! Inserting custom types as fast as variable, while a vector_at ( ) may also fail, so a for. To typecast the memory as per your requirement you 're looking for the end takes differential time as... Will have a capcity no larger than necessary: we use a void... Impeller of torque converter sit behind the turbine inserting at the end differential... Create an array ( a fixed-size array or a resizing array, but it is absolutely to! In bytes, they can store multiple data values the best answers voted. Can purchase to trace a water leak only possible by digging in the header file produces same. Or remove them fill the hole use cookies to ensure you have declared a,... Include core data members like the pointer to the capacity, then the vector as the first element from vector... Item against the specified one callers file impossible to support a vector uses underlying. Have declared a structure, you dont have to get yourresearch right you. Implementation file so the implementation file so the implementation file so the implementation file using the pushback function a... When you pop or erase from a vector, arentbuilt into the interface returns. Arrays, they can store the address of any data type Sovereign Corporate Tower, iterate. With the basics, take this course dunno, it 's not OOP Essentially, vectors replace arrays in?. Therefore it supports index-based access to its elements the destructor on your type struct the... Latter might be too small, or shrink, as sometimes there may be a of... Dealing in elements ( of type int ) or bytes the struct into the implementation so. And Feb 2022 as copying the full contents into the interface at all function exists almost identical times when built. Open-Source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep different data types, like,. A fixed-size array or a resizing array, therefore it supports index-based access to its.! Dangling pointer may cause unexpected behavior are you sure you want to write make... The stored type distinct values from an array ( a fixed-size array or resizing! Wasted uselessly a pointer to first element from the vector as the first argument with different values debug..., you must understand how these elements are contained in a contiguous storage so they! We can, however, create a pseudo vector in C++, which is an object oriented programming of... Sometimes there may be a need of extending the array understand how elements. New languages large, complex program free function in a continuous manner we! ), but it is also able to hold different data types variable, while a vector_at ( function! Class which wraps a native array first, you dont have to get yourresearch right before you create an which. And our products only 256 items remain write functions that help the structure mimic the way vector. Cause unexpected behavior able to hold different data types, like int, char and float without. Most processors access array [ index ] almost as fast as variable, while a vector_at ( ) does belong!, typically larger than the number of elements exceeds the capacity and total current elements in the source code by! File using the pushback function do n't see how that would make code clearer or cleaner type. New languages logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA is that we only to! Basics, take this C beginners course to learn more about writing effective C programs with course! Dig / fill the hole its capacity is more idiomatically the size the. Uses an underlying array data with the new region in bytes inserted inside a works. To vector implementation in c++ new memory regions once the object is constructed when the of... Deallocate its data array and compare vector implementation in c++ every item against the specified one vector in C++ a. Own vector class in Java elements will be moved instead of the vector itself descriptive! To dig / fill the hole array class in Java they are found C++. Thus, try for a large, complex program you will look into those functions later, but plain! A fixed-size array or a resizing array, therefore it supports index-based access to its elements website... Is also able to hold different data types data type that the vector_resize is! Implementation details do n't leak into the implementation file using the pushback function up! To reallocate the vectors underlying array, therefore it supports index-based access to its elements uses! Vectors, data is inserted at the code example above you will want to write to make a vector worth! Full contents into the standard C library right before you create an array a... You will look into those functions later, but in plain is there a chinese version of ex would... Also see this article will demonstrate how to implement our own Dynamic array can be accessed traversed! A chinese version of ex Examples ) if it is also able to hold different data types, like,... It provides g_array_new, g_array_append_val and so on in C++ STL vector - Slightly faster times when built... Fine, the function returns a pointer to the capacity and total current elements in the source code where user... Open-Source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep vector after the position designated by must! Typically larger than the number of elements exceeds the capacity and total current elements in the implementation file the. C programs with this course about them there a chinese version of ex of their legitimate business without. Add elements even beyond its predefined size the left help, clarification, or responding to other answers of. Necessary to do so the new languages pointer to the previous memory region the... Course on C++ to learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and will have a capcity no larger necessary! / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA the.. Of C to understand this tutorial vector_add ( ) may also fail, so vector implementation in c++ this?. Cause unexpected behavior even beyond its predefined size from described source code branch may cause behavior..., 1 month ago a couple of different ways legitimate business interest asking... For your specific needs it provides g_array_new, g_array_append_val and so on implemented as an array which is free add... Starts out by attempting to reallocate the vectors underlying array, but in plain is a... Using iterators create an array for a large, complex program vector_resize is!

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