Marble bust of Cleopatra VII of Egypt from ca. The intellectual achievements of Ptolemaic Alexandria are well known to us, and indeed a good deal of its literature and scientific writing still survivesrather more, in fact, than has come down from the glory days of fifth-century classical Athens, and much more varied in character. Upon her arrival, this hairstyle was adopted by Roman women along with Cleopatras makeup and signature pearl jewelry. This page may contain sensitive or adult content that's not for everyone. The pair loved playing games and pranks with one another, and one in particular has become the stuff of legend. First, she had Mark Antony alerted that shed died by her own hand. The means of her death is uncertain, though Classical writers came to believe that she had killed herself by means of an asp, symbol of divine royalty. (July 2017) Read Next The Editors The Opening Editorial November 7, 2013 issue Kirkus Reviews Short Review July 14, 1977 issue John Ashbery Who controlled the House of Representatives in 1982? According to popular belief, Cleopatra killed herself by allowing an asp (Egyptian cobra) to bite her, but for Greek and Roman historians, Cleopatra poisoned herself using either a toxic ointment or by introducing the poison with a sharp implement such as a hairpin. She was accommodated in Caesars private villa beyond the Tiber River and may have been present to witness the dedication of a golden statue of herself in the temple of Venus Genetrix, the ancestress of the Julian family to which Caesar belonged. But as we know, Cleopatra wasnt interested in sharing the throne with anyone, and one again, the wheels began turning in her mind. In a bid to curry favor with the Romans, he married Octavians sister Octavia (they were very creative with names back then). According to legend, she coaxed an asp specifically an Egyptian cobra to bite her arm, but theres no proof to support that. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. One of the most expensive beauty secrets of Cleopatra was that she slept with a golden mask on her face. Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 42 Astonishing Yet Authentic Facts From The Annals of History, Bone-Chilling Moments We'll Never Be Able To Explain, Cary Grant Hid A Lifetime Of Heartache Behind His Debonair Smile, Lawyers Reveal Their Most Jaw-Dropping Court Cases, Stay Out Of The Woods: Campers And Hikers Share Their Creepiest Experiences, Stabbed In The Back: These Real-Life Betrayals Are Straight Up Brutal. Please reach out to us to let us know what youre interested in reading. When they started attacking him, Caesar tried to flee, but, blinded by his own blood, he tripped and fell. Cleopatra not only adopted the Egyptian religion and worshiped traditional Egyptian gods, she actually believed she was one of them. Take, for example, that leopard-skin wine-sack, whose contents dribbled out along the road (presumably, we are meant to imagine, into the cups and flagons of the spectators). The Queen of the Nile has been portrayed on the silver screen by the likes of Claudette Colbert and Sophia Loren, but she was most famously played by Elizabeth Taylor in the 1963 sword-and-sandal epic Cleopatra. The film was plagued by production problems and script issues, and its budget eventually soared from $2 million to $44 millionincluding some $200,000 just to cover the cost of Taylors costumes. One of the highlights, and a triumph of Alexandrian engineering, was an eight-cubit-tall (approximately twelve feet) statue that stood up mechanically without anyone laying a hand on it and sat back down again when it had poured a libation of milk. Another attraction was the chariots not pulled by men or horses, but by ostriches. Aided by Julius Caesar, her lover, she returned to power upon her brothers death in 47. In Alexandria we must rely on heroic archaeology under water. She was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes (flute player, the nickname said to refer to his chubby cheeks), but the identity of her mother is a mystery, as is the date of her birth. As a part of this, might somebody have remembered some rumor they had heard about Caesar's pet names for Cleopatra back from when she was Caesar's mistress prior to his death? In 19 AD, almost fifty years after the death of Cleopatra, the Roman prince Germanicus paid a visit to Alexandria, the city that had once been the capital of her kingdom, and was now the administrative center of the Roman province of Egypt. The life of Cleopatra VII, the last monarch of the Ptolemaic dynasty, is even more mythical than the story of Alexandria, and the real queen is even harder to excavate than the remains of her capital. He wasnt actually an ally of Antonys at all, and he dragged Cleopatra kicking and screaming from her tomb to bring her to Octavian. While it is widely accepted that Antony fatally stabbed himself in the stomach, Cleopatras method of suicide is a topic of debate. While Cleopatra was born in Egypt, she traced her family origins to Macedonian Greece and Ptolemy I Soter, one of Alexander the Greats generals. According to ancient sources, they spent the winter of 41-40 B.C. The line had been founded by Alexanders general Ptolemy, who became King Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. Vast, rich, fertile, and unstable, it offered a potential power base for rival claimants to the throne. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. But her summary of the atmosphere in Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar (a lively market opened for defamation and self-justification. Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood, although the Classical author Plutarch wrote that she alone of her house took the trouble to learn Egyptian and, for political reasons, styled herself as the new Isis, a title that distinguished her from the earlier Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra III, who had also claimed to be the living embodiment of the goddess Isis. 40-30 BCE. More than a dozen of Cleopatras ancestors tied the knot with cousins or siblings, and its likely that her own parents were brother and sister. Following the war, Cleopatra remarried to her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, but she is believed to have had him murdered in a bid to make her son her co-ruler. She died in August, 30 BC, at the age of 39, alongside two of her servants. What kind of poison did Cleopatra use to kill herself? 6 What kind of language did Cleopatra speak and write? Cleopatra first began her legendary love affair with the Roman general Mark Antony in 41 B.C. The name Cleopatra is a girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". Coin portraits of Cleopatra show a countenance alive rather than beautiful, with a sensitive mouth, firm chin, liquid eyes, broad forehead, and prominent nose. After leaving Egypt for Rome, she allied herself with Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Their relationship had a political componentCleopatra needed Antony to protect her crown and maintain Egypts independence, while Antony needed access to Egypts riches and resourcesbut they were also famously fond of each others company. Yes, Cleopatra has been portrayed by some of the most gorgeous women in Hollywood (Vivian Leigh and Elizabeth Taylor among them). Cleopatras dynasty of the Ptolemies had taken over the city on the death of Alexander in 323 BC: the first King Ptolemy, a Macedonian Greek, had been one of the heros leading generals and had even managed to hijack his body for burial in Alexandriaan ancient publicity coup, intended to blazon forever the otherwise brief association of this new city with the ancient worlds greatest conqueror. Reportedly, she was fastidious about the way she looked and dipped into the nations treasury to maintain her grooming habits and lavish lifestyle. I tried to get my ex-wife served with divorce papers. 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? Cleopatra and Antonys relationship had its political advantages. Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff Little, Brown, 368 pp., $29.99 Mary Beard Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge. Cleopatra considered herself divine in accordance with the religion of the times: Egyptian rulers were both governor and god/goddess. His reaction was utterly heartless. She was 39 and had been a queen for 22 years and Antonys partner for 11. Yes and no. An impressive move, and one that endeared herself to Mark Antony, who fancied himself to be an embodiment of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and revelry. He refused Cleopatra, and to add insult to injury, henamed his grand-nephew Octavianwho ruled under the name Augustusas his successor instead. One particularly puzzling case is a famous procession in honor of the god Dionysus, sponsored in the early third century BC by one of Cleopatras predecessors on the throne, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-lover). Her full title is "Cleopatra the Seventh Palopo" meaning that there were six other Cleopatra's before her. Learn how Cleopatra's relationship with Caesar and Mark Anthony brought the downfall of Egypt. It began to dissolve, and she promptly gulped it downit turned out to be quite the expensive cocktail. Roman propaganda painted Cleopatra as a debauched temptress who used her sex appeal as a political weapon, but she may have been more renowned for her intellect than her appearance. Nonetheless, Cleopatra and her contemporaries could look back over the last couple of centuries to all kinds of extraordinary achievements, often powered by migrants from the rest of the Mediterranean world. Cleopatra and her son were now co-regents. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. The 18-year-old Cleopatra, older than her brother by about eight years, became the dominant ruler. For those keeping tally, she had a hand in the deaths of three of her siblings. Its believed that Cleopatra worked hard to control how she was perceived by the public, and her image on Egyptian coins was a way to appear more masculine in order to emphasize her power and right to rule. Cleopatra and Julius Caesar were lovers for two years, during which Cleopatra gave birth to his son, Ptolemy Caesar, who was nicknamed Caesarion, or Little Caesar. In the days between Cleopatra's death and the Roman triumvir Octavian's formal annexation of Egypt, Caesarion was officially the sole ruler of Egypt at just 16 years old. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Though she got the throne at 17, she was well-educated and well-prepared to take over the reins. What was a nickname for Cleopatra? Power grabs and murder plots were as much a Ptolemaic tradition as family marriage, and Cleopatra and her brothers and sisters were no different. Al-Masudi in his tenth-century history, Prairies of Gold, records a brilliant subversion of the canonical Roman account. Why, its because she was actually Greek. A royal name in ancient Egypt thats never quite made it to the modern world, though nickname Cleo is widely used. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The naval Battle of Actium, in which Octavian faced the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra on September 2, 31 bce, was a disaster for the Egyptians. Casa Buonarroti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library, Cleopatra; drawing by Michelangelo, sixteenth century. Though most of Egypts rulers steadfastly clung to their Greek habits and culture, the inquisitive and open-minded young queen adapted many of her countrys customs. Her father promoted the teenage Cleopatra to joint regent and deputy, and she ruled alongside her father for four years, during which time she gained valuable knowledge and experience. 5 What kind of poison did Cleopatra use to kill herself? If the splendor of the show seems almost beyond belief, that is most likely because it is not to be believed. Join thousands of others and start your morning with our Fact Of The Day newsletter. a disturbing custom that Cleopatra herself would become subject to, but as always, she had an ace up her sleeve. Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname "golden mouth . As Schiff herself admits, childhood was not a big seller in the ancient world, by which she means that for almost every biographical subject there is a total void to be filled before the age of twenty or thirty. Like everyone in Chronophobia, Cleo represents a time period and was given a codename in order to hide her own identity. Cleopatra not only adopted the Egyptian religion and worshiped traditional Egyptian gods, she actually believed she was one of them. Occasionally these bons mots come rather too thick and fast for my taste. After Rome invaded, Cleopatra came up with an ingenious plot to meet Caesarmore on that later. Its a good thing that Cleopatra had this experience under her belt because when her father Pharaoh Ptolemy XII died, she was more than prepared. When she faced him, hed seized her palace and her three sons, but she refused to back down, telling him I will not be led in a triumph.. She may have been dubbed Queen of the Nile, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian by birth. Despite traditions of female rulers being subordinate to males, Cleopatra erased her brother Ptolemy XIIs name from official documents, and only her face appeared on coins minted during their reign. Some believe that she died by enticing an aspa viper or Egyptian cobrato bite her arm, but other historians believe otherwise. It all sounds more like the melting pot of New York than the showy decadence of Versailles. No one knows for sure, but her mother was likely his wife, Cleopatra V Tryphaena. Cleopatra was 255 years removed from Ptolemy I, but she was definitely of Macedonian/Greek origin and culture, not African. Never the shrinking violet, Cleopatra was presented with her own fleet of warships during the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. True, Alexandrian cultural brilliance may have waned somewhat by the reign of Cleopatra; the leading intellectual of her palace was a secondhand compiler by the name of Didymus, who was credited with writing more than 3,500 treatises (and was nicknamed the book-forgetter since he could not remember what he had said in his earlier books, so was always contradicting himself). Antonys rival Octavian used propaganda to portray him as a traitor under the sway of a scheming seductress, and in 32 B.C., the Roman Senate declared war on Cleopatra. In addition to being the first ruler to speak the language of the Egyptians, Cleopatra was also the first in 300 years to embrace Egyptian culture and customs. Reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera Egypt. . Many of Cleopatras ancestors partnered with cousins or siblings, and its likely that her own parents were brother and sister. Cleopatra inspired numerous books, plays, and movies. Nevertheless, in 34 bce Antony celebrated a triumphal return to Alexandria. The name Cleopatra is girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Your suggestions can be as general or specific as you like, from Life to Compact Cars and Trucks to A Subspecies of Capybara Called Hydrochoerus Isthmius. Well get our writers on it because we want to create articles on the topics youre interested in. A royal name in ancient Egypt that's never quite made it to the modern world, though nickname Cleo is widely used. Cleopatra by John William Waterhouse, 1888. Though her family lived in Egypt for about three hundred years, Cleopatras roots could be traced back to the Greek Ptolemy I, who served under Alexander the Great. The prestige of the Egyptian capital had a lot to do with its famous monuments and tourist sites. Archaeologists continue to search for it. February 11, 2021. Cleopatra was forced to flee Rome after Caesar was stabbed to death in the Roman senate in 44 B.C., but by then she had made her mark on the city. Oh, and those bangs that Taylor and Leigh sported in their film bios? Although Cleopatra was born in Egypt, shes actually of Macedonian Greek descent. He took the name Emperor Augustus, and he carried a statue of her through Romes streets every August in triumph. Cleopatras younger brother Ptolemy XIII now sat on the Egyptian throne at only 13 years old, and he ruled with all the maturity and tact one would expect from a 13-year-old. In 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to his son, Ptolemy Caesar, who was nicknamed Caesarion, or little Caesar. And now I want pizza. When Cleopatra sided with the Syrians, the Romans retaliated by helping her husband-brother Ptolemy XIII steal the throne from her. Cleopatras arrival in Rome with her lover, Caesar, caused quite a stir. After the Roman armies of Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated their combined forces, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and Egypt fell under Roman domination. But as we know, Cleopatra wasnt interested in sharing the throne with anyone, and one again, the wheels began turning in her mind. At Factinate, were dedicated to getting things right. Between them, the library and the research institute in the Musaeum attracted men such as the mathematician Euclid and Herophilus from Chalcedon (in modern Turkey), the scientist who first identified the difference between veins and arteries. Antony and Cleopatra (1883) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicting Antonys meeting with Cleopatra in 41 BC. The name Cleopatra (in Greek ) means she who comes from glorious father.. After his wife died waging a war on his behalf, he remarriedbut not to Cleopatra. Many portrayals of Cleopatra depict the queen as a frivolous woman who dished out money like a drunken sailor particularly when it came to beauty rituals. But the real reason, Tacitus insists, was sight-seeingfor the monuments of the Egyptian pharaohs, already thousands of years old in 19 AD, were almost as much an attraction to Roman visitors as they are to modern tourists. Her full name was Cleopatra VII, which means that she was the seventh woman with this name in the family of Egyptian pharaohs. In her case the best we have is a possible signature on a document authorizing tax concessions and the report that in her final days she muttered again and again, I shall not be led in triumph (whether the surviving fragments of writing on cosmetics, dandruff, and weights and measure, attributed to a Cleopatra are by her or not is now anyones guess). A famous example of her flair for the dramatic came in 48 B.C., when Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria during her feud with her brother Ptolemy XIII. During their own lifetimes their liaison quickly became infamous, the subject . Theres speculation to this day about the way that Cleopatra took her own life. This means that Cleopatra actually lived closer to the time of the Space Race than she did to the construction of the pyramids. Cleopatra was never one to be casual about anything. Knowing Ptolemys forces would thwart her attempts to meet with the Roman general, Cleopatra had herself wrapped in a carpetsome sources say it was a linen sackand smuggled into his personal quarters. Please submit feedback to contribute@factinate.com. Going along with her shenanigans, Caesar commissioned a gold statue of Cleopatra which was erected in the temple of Venus in Rome. Whatsoever, her beauty secrets are well versed as they are well documented. Later in the first century AD, the Greek philosopher and orator Dio Chrysostom (the Golden Mouth) explicitly took them to task for their jibes and their laughter, their fisticuffs and frivolity. His Cleopatra not only goes to enormous trouble to acquire the snake with which to kill herself, but she also manages cleverly to conceal it in some aromatic plants, so that it bites Octavian as well when he comes to discover her body. She's not actually Egyptian. Cleopatra later employed a similar bit of theater in her 41 B.C. For those keeping tally, she had a hand in the deaths of three of her siblings. In 40 bce Cleopatra gave birth to twins, whom she named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. Antony, now controller of Romes eastern territories, sent for Cleopatra so that she might explain her role in the aftermath of Caesars assassination. In fact, she wore elaborate wigs made by slaves. The bejeweled MacGuffins of Netflix's Red Notice, golden eggs belonging to Cleopatra VII, are fictional. The rumour quickly spread that Antony also intended to transfer the capital from Rome to Alexandria. Admittedly, we have only a few scraps of the work of Didymus (probably not a great loss). We do not know. Cleopatra's life was replete with drama, so it makes sense that writers would be drawn to it. Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear the name. For Plutarch claims to have heard the story, embellished or not, from his grandfather Lamprias, who had been a friend of Philotas himself. Nonetheless, the Alexandrians had a reputation for being particularly rowdy. With Caesar at her side, Cleopatra set her plan in motion to reinstall herself as the ruler of Egypt. But she didnt have a lot to live for at that point: Egypt had fallen to Rome, and the once-proud queen was penniless and powerless, soon to be paraded through the streets of Rome as a trophy. 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