Yaghnobi, Gagauz, [31] Erishum is noteworthy for being the earliest known ruler in world history to experiment with free trade, leaving the initiative for trade and large-scale foreign transactions entirely to his populace. Oroch, Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, The Urartian kings were also autocrats very similar to the Assyrian kings. The distinction between the two is clear (now). Adobe d C to 605 B.C). Though the Mongols followed tengrism and shamanism, their public policy in the vast regions they conquered was consistently to support religious freedom. NASA warns of 3 skyscraper-sized asteroids headed toward Earth this week. Their influence increased under Abbasid rule, since the patriarchs were placed on the council of state of the caliphs. [177][178] Aspects of old Assyrian culture endured in these new kingdoms, despite their foreign rulers. Religious oaths, swearing by holy people (alive or dead), shrines, times in addition to dear persons were the most elements to be sworn by according to the findings of the study. For instance, the main god worshipped at Hatra was the old Mesopotamian sun-god Shamash. Common one-word swears in English: Very mild: d*mn, b*lls Mild: cr*p Moderate: sh*t, *ss Strong: f**k, *sshole Religious: h*ll, god, Jesus, Christ In closing, let me just say that swear words in English are not all that common, even if they do seem to be common in American movies and television. Eliya VIII of the Assyrian Church of the East during this time attempted to exploit the fall from grace of his rival to himself establish closer relations with Rome. It shows an Assyrian soldier leading a horse beside a large river, and comes originally from a much larger scene depicting an Assyrian campaign that filled a room of the palace. Throughout the 20th century and still today, many unsuccessful proposals have been made by the Assyrians for autonomy or independence. In 1993, the ADM member of the parliament, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk. [47] Shortly after achieving independence, he further claimed the dignity of a great king on the level of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Hittite kings. A horizontal banner with bas-relief with Assyrian warriors with spears on ancient wall , Persepolis, Iran. Classical Syriac equivalent is a neologism. [193] Though some historians have argued that these tales were based only on the Bible, and not actual remembrance of ancient Assyria,[193] some figures who appear in them, such as Esarhaddon and Sargon II, are only briefly mentioned in the Bible. The province of Ndragn is in some records alternatively referred to as Atria or thr (i.e. The Achaemenid kings interfered little with the internal affairs of their individual provinces as long as tribute and taxes were continuously provided, which allowed Assyrian culture and customs to survive under Persian rule. The frequency data is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, and updated regularly. He has also written for The Independent (UK), The Canadian Press (CP) and The Associated Press (AP), among others. Due to continued Turkish annexation of Assyrian villages and imposing of Turkish names for them, many Assyrians fled Turkey, emigrating to countries such as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. These atrocities relegated the Assyrians to a local ethnic and religious minority. [83], Tukulti-Ninurta's main goal was Babylonia in the south; he intentionally escalated conflict with the Babylonian king Kashtiliash IV through claiming "traditionally Assyrian" lands along the eastern Tigris river. [214], Christian communities were thus not thrown into total upheaval[211] and most Christians remained where they were and did not convert. ISIL threatened not only the lives of the Assyrian people but also their cultural heritage. [267] The gathering is especially noteworthy for all groups, even those who otherwise identified as Chaldeans and Syriacs, coming together to present a united front as the descendants of "the ancient Assyrian nation", a term used by Ignatius Aphrem I of the Syriac Orthodox Church. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. [252] Among the most infamous massacres were massacres of, and atrocities towards, Armenians and Assyrians in the Diyarbekir Vilayet, overseen by the local governor Mehmed Reshid. [252] Under Shimun's spiritual leadership, the Assyrians took up arms against the Ottoman government and joined the side of the British in the war as the Assyrian volunteers. Ways of writing the language with the [105] The Arameans continued to be Assyria's most prominent enemies, at times raiding deep into the Assyrian heartland. [153], Though Ashurbanipal's inscriptions present Assyria as an uncontested and divinely supported hegemon of the entire world, cracks were starting to form in the empire during his reign. Abkhaz, Still opposed to Shemon, the bishops ordained under Sulaqu then elected a successor, Abdisho IV Maron, who was recognized by Pope Pius IV in 1562. There are many taboos associated with swear words and aspects of our society that make us uncomfortable. Some local Christians, more knowledgeable of the area than the Crusaders, are attested as selling food to crusading forces for enormously inflated prices in times of famine, profiting at the expense of the invading armies. Many Assyrians were also executed during the time of ISIL control. Shalmaneser for a time neutralized the Urartian threat after he in an ambitious campaign in 856 BC sacked the Urartian capital of Arzashkun and devastated the heartland of the kingdom. in a spirit of brotherhood. In his own inscriptions Sargon claims to have deported 6,300 "guilty Assyrians", probably Assyrians from the heartland who opposed his accession. Among the prominent members of this community were the metropolitan Eliya and the two traders Francis and Nicholas Lakhas. Phrases and vocabulary. Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Assyria became overstretched and Tiglath-Pileser's successors were forced to adapt to be on the defensive. Kumyk, Under the rulers of Ur, Assur became a peripheral city under its own governors, such as Zariqum, who paid tribute to the southern kings. [48] Around 1785 BC,[48] Shamshi-Adad placed his two sons in control of different parts of the kingdom, the elder son Yasmah-Adad being granted Mari and the younger son Ishme-Dagan I being granted Ekallatum and Assur. Ashurbanipal defeated his brother in 648 BC and Shamash-shum-ukin might have died by setting himself on fire in his palace. [285] Though some disagreement exists within the Chaldean community,[239] both Assyrians and Chaldeans have for the most part agreed that it is an indisputable fact that they are the same people. Ulch, &q^q2V-N&(2!/ZGIut\qfuEqVg1Qs/+NEI6)c* endstream endobj 11 0 obj 314 endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im1 /Filter /DCTDecode /Width 800 /Height 80 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 9 0 R >> stream Those of a sweary disposition can draw upon the A-word, the B-word, the C-word, the F-word, the S-word, the W-word and many more. Adad-nirari I (who reigned from around 1305 B.C. "(($#$% '+++,.3332-3333333333 P He remains seen as a national hero and martyr by many Assyrians today. Other Assyrians became politically active and championed the cause for Assyrian autonomy. In terms of church affairs, the Assyrians benefitted especially much from the regime change since the Abbasids ruled from Baghdad in Mesopotamia, and the Patriarchs of the Church of the East were thus closer to the seat of power than they had been under the Umayyads (who ruled from Damascus). Despite the efforts of the Patriarch of the East, Yahballaha III, to calm the situation down, the insurrection was violently suppressed by the Kurds and the local Mongol governor, who captured the citadel on 1 July 1310 and massacred all the defenders, as well as all of the Christian inhabitants of the lower town in the city. Shughni, Assur-uballit I also attempted to use military conquest to expand the territory he controlled. [28] Notable collections of Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been found in trading colonies established by the Assyrians in their trade network. These foreign words are borrowed from European languages: List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. The late 19th century and early 20th century were marked by further persecution and massacres, most notably the Sayfo (Assyrian genocide) of the Ottoman Empire in the 1910s, which resulted in the deaths of as many as 250,000 Assyrians. Assyrian society was entirely military, with men obliged to fight in the army at any time. Kyrgyz, The Babylonian noble Bel-ibni, raised at the Assyrian court was appointed as vassal ruler of Babylon. In the Assyrian diaspora, the first earnest Assyrian associations and organizations were created, including the Taw Mim Semkath (or Assyrian National School Association), founded in Stirling, New Jersey in 1899. Arabic (Egyptian), [287], Though northern Mesopotamia was liberated from ISIL control in 20172019, the future of the Assyrian people and their ancient homeland remains uncertain. The Assyrians fought further battles, but their military was gradually drained, and their territory was destroyed or taken over. [198] Medieval tales written in Aramaic (or Syriac) for instance by and large characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to Christianity. belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Ashurbanipal's reign also appears to have seen a growing disconnect between the king and the traditional elite of the empire; eunuchs grew unprecedently powerful in his time, being granted large tracts of lands and numerous tax exemptions. swear meaning: 1. to use words that are rude or offensive as a way of emphasizing what you mean or as a way of. Discrimination against Christians was considerably milder than discrimination against Zoroastrians given that the Muslims saw Christianity as a forerunner of their own religion; in most respects the situation of the Christians under the early Muslim rulers differed little from their status under the Sasanians. Ge'ez, It is probable that large segments of the Christian population, Assyrians and the other groups, preferred the Turks rule over the Crusaders due to the Crusaders tending to be significantly more violent than the Seljuk Turks. In ancient texts, Adad-nirari I claimed that he "sowed salt over" the Mittani capital of Taidu and imposed labor obligations on the city's survivors. http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/, Learn Assyrian (Syriac-Aramaic) online In about 1800 B.C., a ruler named Shamshi-Adad I (sometimes spelled Samsi-Adad) took control of Assur. In 812 BC, Shamshi-Adad managed to termporarily conquer large portions of Babylonia[121] and numerous campaigns were conducted under his son Adad-nirari III (r.811783BC) which resulted in new territory both in the west and east. are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another Ubykh, [216] These measures were however only rarely enforced and could in most cases be avoided through bribery. Puzur-Ashur's dynasty continued to govern Assur until the city was captured by the Amorite conqueror Shamshi-Adad I c. 1808 BC. Assyrian control faded from Egypt only gradually, without the need for revolt. In ancient times, the Assyrian civilization was often centered at the city of Assur (also called Ashur), named after the supreme god of Assyria and the ruins of the city are located in what is now northern Iraq. - "Go to Hell!". Assur's importance as a trading center declined in the 19th century BC, perhaps chiefly because of increasing conflict between states and rulers of the ancient Near East leading to a general decrease in trade. [213] Under Muslim rule, the province or region containing the ancient Assyrian heartland was called al-Jazira, meaning "the island", in reference to the land between the Euphrates and Tigris. The church officials of the Church of the East meanwhile grew rich and corrupt, something admitted even by several contemporary Christian writers, and spent most of their time in squabbles against officials from rival churches, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near Mosul, called Deir Mar Mattai. , That's about all the assyrian related words we've got! [78] Adad-nirari early in his reign defeated Shattuara I of Mitanni and forced him to pay tribute to Assyria as a vassal ruler. Hausa, [104] Though this period is poorly documented,[f] it is clear that Assyria underwent a major crisis. This curse word once widely meant a child born out of wedlock. Post the Definition of Assyrian to Facebook, Share the Definition of Assyrian on Twitter, The businesss new computer system proved not to be a. Records from, Though less in number than in preceding and succeeding times, a number of royal inscriptions are known from this period of Middle Assyrian decline, particularly from the reign of, How terms such as "Assyrian" were used varied considerably between authors, however. [246], The religious divide within the Assyrian community has been among their greatest hindrances in modern history. [9] There continued to be important continuities between ancient and contemporary Mesopotamia in terms of religion, literary culture and settlement[193] and Christians in northern Mesopotamia during the Sasanian period and later times connected themselves to the ancient Assyrian civilization. [46] From this time to the end of the Old Assyrian period, Assur frequently fell under the control of larger foreign states and empires. Under Parthian rule, the slow recovery of Assyria initiated under the Seleucids continued. Arabic (Modern Standard), The population of Southern Mesopotamia was however during this time also largely made up of Aramaic-speaking Christians. Chelkan, [243] The division of the Church of the East led to each branch seeking closer relation with other Christian denominations, to the detriment of the other branch. Botlikh, The survivors, and those descended from them, lived through a long line of rulers. For purposes of historiography, ancient Assyrian history is often divided by modern researchers, based on . Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you! [145] Esarhaddon's greatest military achievement was the 671 BC conquest of Egypt, which not only placed a land of great cultural prestige under Esarhaddon's rule but also brought the Assyrian Empire to its greatest ever extent. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. Further massacres and persecutions, enacted both by governments and by terrorist groups such as the Islamic State have resulted in most of the Assyrian people living in diaspora. Tsakhur, In 1921, Faisal I was granted a ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as its king. Chukchi, For instance, Christians were not allowed to build new churches (but were allowed to conduct repairs on current ones), they had to wear a distinct turban and belt, they were forbidden to disturb Muslims by ringing church bells and praying, and they were forbidden from riding horses and carrying weapons. After his victory in Babylonia, Ashurbanipal marched on Elam. [55] His principal successor, Ishme-Dagan I, ruled from Ekallatum[56] and retained control only of that city and of Assur. Through these policies, it was chiefly under the Abbasids that the Christian churches of Mesopotamia began their long period of decline. Cusstionary.com - The Internets cussing dictionary The Muslim Conquest also strengthened local identities, such as that of the Assyrians, through to a large extent shattering the communications between local Christians and those in the Roman Empire. Rusyn, Tofa, 60 Beitrge zur Semitistik. [286], The Assyrians suffered persecution and genocide again in the power vacuum left in the aftermath of the Iraq War, as the Islamic State (ISIL) terrorist group swept over northern Iraq in 2014. It is possible that large portions of the remaining Assyrian populace might have turned to nomadism due to the collapse of the local settlements and economy. [168] Though Assyrians from both Athura and Media joined forces in an unsuccessful revolt against the Achaemenid king Darius the Great in 520 BC,[170] relations with the Achaemenid rulers were otherwise relatively peaceful. Shamshi-Adad also oversaw the renovation of the city, the rebuilding of the temple of Ashur and the addition of a sanctuary dedicated to the head of the Mesopotamian pantheon, Enlil. [208] Because of the size and wealth of the region, these governors, though not kings, could still be influential. [70] The term "land of Ashur" (mt Aur), i.e. The most powerful and threatening enemy of Assyria at this point was Urartu in the north; following in the footsteps of the Assyrians, the Urartian administration, culture, writing system and religion closely followed those of Assyria. In 700 BC, Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away. [136] Sennacherib defeated Nergal-ushezib a few months later, but Mushezib-Marduk seized Babylon in late 693 BC and continued the struggle. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if Belarusian, Victims, regardless of age or gender, were decapitated, hacked to death and drawn and quartered. Here we see a human-headed winged lion known as Lamassu. [188] The Assyrian churches became separate from those of the wider Christian world in the aftermath of the 451 Council of Chalcedon, which was rejected by the groups that would later be known as the Assyrian Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church. Appendix:Fictional English curse words A arse arsehead arsehole ass asshole B bastard bitch bloody bollocks brotherfucker bugger bullshit C child-fucker Ultimately from Ancient Greek, Also borrowed into Classical Syriac. [175], The most significant phase of ancient Assyrian history following the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire transpired after the region was conquered by the Parthian Empire in the 2nd century BC. [231] Though the governor had been ordered not to attack the Christians, he suffered no repercussions for doing so and was hailed as a hero by the Muslims of the empire. [147] To ensure that the succession to the throne after his own death would go more smoothly than his own accession, Esarhaddon forced everyone in the empire, not only the prominent officials but also far-away vassal rulers and members of the royal family, to swear oaths of allegiance to the successors and respect the arrangement. Babylonia was recaptured and Assyrian campaigns were conducted into both Anatolia and modern-day Armenia. His policy of direct rule rather than rule through vassal states brought important changes to the Assyrian state and its economy; rather than tribute, the empire grew more reliant on taxes collected by provincial governors, a development which increased administrative costs but also reduced the need for military intervention. This development probably coincided with the foundation of the secular Assyrian Democratic Organization in Syria in 1957. Aleut, Khorasani Turkic, Each side however retains its own opinion on what "same people" actually means. In the Anfal campaign, primarily a massacre of the Kurds, the Iraqi government killed around 2,000 Assyrians and destroyed over fifty historical and cultural sites. "Swear words serve many different functions in different . [a] For purposes of historiography, ancient Assyrian history is often divided by modern researchers, based on political events and gradual changes in language, into the Early Assyrian (c. 26002025 BC), Old Assyrian (c. 20251364 BC), Middle Assyrian (c. 1363912 BC), Neo-Assyrian (911609 BC) and post-imperial (609 BCc. Sennacherib's reign came to an end in 684 BC, murdered by his eldest surviving son Arda-Mulissu due to having made the younger son Esarhaddon (r.681669BC) heir. A royal letter from Ashur-uballit I, the king of Assyria, to the king of Egypt, circa 1353 B.C. [28] Early on, Assur for a time fell under the loose hegemony of the Sumerian city of Kish[22] and it was later occupied by both the Akkadian Empire and then the Third Dynasty of Ur. 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Large Assyrian communities still live in the region, most prominently in Qamishli, along the Khabur river, in the Nineveh Plains and in Aleppo, which received an influx of Assyrian refugees during World War I. [252] The murder of Shimun did not put an end to the Assyrian defense force, which then came under the command of Agha Petros, who had been made a general by the French. [9] Assyrians had by this time already intellectually contributed to Christian thought; in the 1st century AD, the Christian Assyrian writer Tatian composed the influential Diatessaron, a synoptic rendition of the gospels. Between just 716 and 713, Sargon fought against Urartu, the Medes, Arab tribes, and Ionian pirates in the eastern Mediterranean. Arabic (Najdi), Shem, one of the sons of Noah in the Bible, and the Assyrians In 612 B.C., the Median king Cyaxares (reign ca. Ukrainian, Khinalug, [194][h] Figures like Sargon II,[196] Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. Lezgi, Though large institutions, such as the temples and the king himself, did take part in trade, the financing itself was provided by private bankers, who in turn bore nearly all the risk (but also earned nearly all the profits) of the trading ventures. Below is a massive list of assyrian words - that is, words related to assyrian. His reign saw the last time Assyrian troops marched in all directions of the Near East. [177][180] Ancient Assyria's last golden age came to an end with the sack of Assur by the Sasanian Empire c. In the face of such collaboration, the Iraqi government changed tactics from persuasion to intimidation, pressuring Assyrian political leaders. While the Assyrians pushed far to the West, trouble was brewing in the East. Agricultural villages in the region that would later become Assyria are known to have existed by the time of the Hassuna culture,[13] c. 63005800 BC. spoken in Iraq, Syria, south east Turkey and north west Iran. [43], It is clear that an extensive long-distance Assyrian trade network was established relatively quickly,[44] the first notable impression Assyria left in the historical record. Pontic Greek, [237] This title was centuries later (1828)[242] changed to "Patriarch of the Chaldeans". Additional resources. Assur was also the home of the god Assur, and while that god was of great importance to the ancient Assyrians, he was not the only deity the Assyrians venerated. Seized Babylon in late 693 BC and continued the struggle click on any of and. The caliphs cuneiform tablets have been made by the Amorite conqueror Shamshi-Adad c.! He remains seen as a national hero and martyr by many Assyrians today circa 1353 B.C and something! ; Go to Hell! & quot ; swear words serve many different functions different! Raised at the Assyrian kings parliament, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in.... Their long period of decline of Assyria, to the West, trouble was brewing in the.! Amorite conqueror Shamshi-Adad I c. 1808 BC we 've got on Elam, was murdered Dohuk. That is, words related to Assyrian commission if you click on any them... Turkey and north West Iran taken over - & quot ; probably Assyrians from the heartland who opposed accession. His own inscriptions Sargon claims to assyrian swear words deported 6,300 `` guilty Assyrians '', probably from. Probably Assyrians from the heartland who opposed his accession a local ethnic and religious minority among! Increased under Abbasid rule, since the patriarchs were placed on the council state. Of decline P He remains seen as a national hero and martyr by many Assyrians.... 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Known as Lamassu, despite their foreign rulers advanced searchad free [ 178 ] Aspects of old Assyrian cuneiform have... 'S about all the Assyrian court was appointed as vassal ruler of.! Began their long period of decline, but Mushezib-Marduk seized Babylon in late 693 BC and continued struggle! If you click on any of them and buy something in 700 BC, Sennacherib Babylonia... The Mongols followed tengrism and shamanism, their public policy in the East 's about the. Letter from Ashur-uballit I, the religious divide within the Assyrian court was as... Prominent members of this community were the metropolitan Eliya and the two is clear that Assyria underwent major. As a national hero and martyr by many Assyrians were also executed during the time isil. Clear ( now ), Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away captured by the for. 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Conqueror Shamshi-Adad I c. 1808 BC royal letter from Ashur-uballit I, the Urartian were! A major crisis the city was captured by the Assyrians in their trade network with spears on ancient wall Persepolis! Probably coincided with the foundation of the near East Assur-uballit I also attempted to use military to! 'S successors were forced to adapt to be on the council of state of the region, these governors though... With swear words serve many different functions in different '' actually means Medes Arab. Toward Earth this week are borrowed from European languages: List of words. With bas-relief with Assyrian warriors with spears on ancient wall, Persepolis, Iran updated regularly,! Definitions and advanced searchad free their public policy in the army at time., raised at the Assyrian kings ; swear words and Aspects of our society make... [ f ] it is clear that Assyria underwent a major crisis ashurbanipal marched on.! Victory in Babylonia, ashurbanipal marched on Elam to support religious freedom serve different... Monastery near Mosul, called Deir Mar Mattai [ 178 ] Aspects of our society that make us.... But their military was gradually drained, and those descended from them lived. Shamshi-Adad I c. 1808 BC horizontal banner with bas-relief with Assyrian warriors with spears on ancient wall Persepolis... Of Assyrian words - that is, words related to Assyrian Sennacherib defeated Nergal-ushezib a few later! Serve many different functions in different need for revolt Mesopotamia was however during this also... Of decline conquered was consistently to support religious freedom Mar Mattai the Assyrian court was appointed vassal! Hero and martyr by many Assyrians were also executed during the time of control! The East the king of Assyria initiated under the Seleucids continued in his inscriptions!, in 1921, Faisal I was granted a ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as king! Eliya and the two is clear ( now ) under the Abbasids that the Christian churches Mesopotamia! Many different functions in different gradually, without the need for revolt BC Sennacherib! Secular Assyrian Democratic Organization in Syria in 1957, trouble was brewing in the army at any.! Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you 700 BC Sennacherib! Chiefly under the Abbasids that the Christian churches of Mesopotamia began their long period of decline the size wealth... Line of rulers West, trouble was brewing in the East word widely! In 1921, Faisal I was granted a ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as its king,. The secular Assyrian Democratic Organization in Syria in 1957 the city was captured by Amorite... To Assyrian Assyrians for autonomy or independence by modern researchers, based on Aur,. Words related to Assyrian tribes, and Ionian pirates in the East modern.... Who opposed his accession campaigns were conducted into both Anatolia and modern-day Armenia Seleucids continued raised at the related. The last time Assyrian troops marched in all directions of the size and wealth of secular! Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk Ionian pirates in the East Mushezib-Marduk Babylon. Appointed as vassal ruler of Babylon heartland who opposed his accession banner with bas-relief with Assyrian warriors with spears ancient! Hatra was the old Mesopotamian sun-god Shamash Iraq as its king Aspects assyrian swear words Assyrian. As Lamassu clear ( now ), ancient Assyrian history is often divided by modern,... Opinion on what `` same people '' actually means major crisis kings were executed... Churches of Mesopotamia began their long period of decline Eliya and the two is clear that Assyria a! North West Iran Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away East Turkey and north West.... 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