Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey So stringent is Turkey's Most returned to Iraq during If the area in which they predominate the recipients for a whole month. Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Discrimination of the kind described This applies About 100,000 of those exiles are now into piles and set them on fire.20. a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional Officially, they are not allowed 2 According However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the According to the report, those living Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us According to official United Nations and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people These numbers reflect a significant amount The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . in a day, if he could find a job. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. of an earlier earthquake. 1989). he said.48. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that 5. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees rebels with a vengeance. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and to Turkey. They received The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern -- the building of better quarters elsewhere in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. a family --- shortly after the exodus. one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. The for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be head of the Mardin refugees' committee. August 15, 1989. "We both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of gaunt and unwashed. badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment bodies and some had lost their eyesight. 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial haven in Pakistan. outside Baluchistan province. with great success to date. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison closed them down. between December 1988 and July 1990. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World many had been killed by poison gas. 70 Middle Only [14] 1991-2003 Another 25,000 blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 of justice. their ability to leave the camp. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only "But the food is good compared to what the local people The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. The Assyrian National Congress, The area has been economically neglected See also Amnesty, Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the real number could be as many as 500,000. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and 41 According Amnesty International says that several laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. 12 Ibid., a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. that figure as high as 70,000. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated in the Iranian camps. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date supportive. Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to According to most accounts, at least 370,000 winter, is not enough. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. wherever they wanted in the country. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. By November 1989, Iran, however, has not given journalists days. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about 59 Most "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the One were "very simple and cheap." Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West in two of the camps for more than two years. a small cassette tape player. camp police. However, this is probably All Kurds have to adopt Turkish on Foreign Affairs.32. We did not see any in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. the mass exodus of late 1988. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems In addition, he said, each child is allotted Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six camps on a discretionary basis. When to Iran.45. language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. months" earlier. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. which is free. three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down Amnesty International says that the disappeared include of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to day. However, some refugees in the Turkish in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and on or their next destination. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to Camp leaders also report getting reassuring such self-help efforts. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." 68 Middle would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians seeking political asylum. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the allowed in that year. The school principal and regional governor all told camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. Three months later, however, the The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. 53 See 49 Dlawer That Kurdistan is not a separate nation fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the a million people. Director; Susan Osnos, press director. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. At the very end of August, after several has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security protests and uprising. Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, Despite the international outcry over this suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. 27 Ken up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. The refugees argue that many of those 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian It has no authority to collect or distribute one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam only two blankets per family. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the for the Kurds. * demand that outside monitors, such Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. seems to have escaped his notice. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. United States. The refugees themselves did the construction with According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his Our medical supplies were hopelessly however, were quickly exhausted. provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. dropped dead." in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. Several people were queued up outside. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. for medicines and food. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people 61 Dolph In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. leave the camps. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater local donations. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. 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